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The Four Immigrants Manga
''The Four Immigrants Manga'', also known as , is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Henry Yoshitaka Kiyama. The manga was published as 52 "episodes", with each episode as a two-page-spread with the intention of serialization in a Japanese language newspaper. The individual episodes were self published by Kiyama as a one-shot manga in 1931. It was republished in Japan by Shimpu in August 2012. It was translated into English by Frederik L. Schodt and was published by Stone Bridge Press as ''The Four Immigrants Manga: A Japanese Experience in San Francisco 1904-1924'' in October 1998.
==Development==
The manga drew from the experiences of Kiyama and his three friends when they were college-age Japanese immigrants to San Francisco between 1904 and 1924.〔 The year 1924 is chosen as it was when the "immigration laws stiffened and some of the protagonists elected to return to Japan". Inspired by western comic strips, Hiyama drew ''Four Immigrants'' with each episode in a two page spread, ending at 52 episodes for a year's worth of weekly newspaper comic strips.〔 Jason Thompson notes that "each strip has sort of a punchline, but also tells a story; it's not so different from reading a ''yonkoma'' manga in which the story is broken up for gags every four panels."〔 Kiyama tried to have ''Four Immigrants'' serialized by a Japanese-language newspaper in San Francisco, but was unsuccessful.〔 In 1927, Kiyama exhibited the pages of the manga in a gallery of Kinmon Gakuen, with the exhibition titled "A Manga North American Immigrant History" (Manga Hokubei Iminshi).〔 The manga covered the immigrants arrival and quarantine on Angel Island as well as major events of the time: 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Panama–Pacific International Exposition of 1915 and the 1918 flu pandemic with criticism of "several Congressional acts designed to curtail Asian immigration."〔 Most of the manga "concentrates on student immigrant experiences prior to the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907".
Kiyama had the immigrants speak in Meiji era Japanese, with the Americans speaking in broken English and the Chinese speaking in Cantonese.〔 In his translation, Frederik L. Schodt had kept the Americans speaking broken English, with the immigrants speaking in perfect English.〔 This had the effect of "() readers see the Japanese characters as "us" and the Americans as weird, frequently baffling foreigners, consistent with the general viewpoint of the comic."〔 Schodt found Kiyama's work in 1980 in University of California's East Asian Library.〔〔 He began translating the work in 1997, which was published by Stone Bridge Press in October 1998.〔 Through interviewing Kiyama's surviving relatives in Japan and studying his private papers and artwork, Schodt concludes that the characters Charlie, Frank and Fred "are roughly based on the people that Kiyama knew." He further claims that the manga is the "first journalistic comic books".
Racism between the immigrants and the locals were predominantly between the Japanese immigrants and American locals, however the "racial animosity that existed between Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the United States."〔 Garrity comments on the prevalence of racism of that era with "a hundred years ago, everyone, of every background, was openly and casually racist", with the "four immigrants () to white people as ''keto'' and black people as ''kuroto''."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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